Bulk dates: 1778-1830. addressed in this transcription. The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney on a Georgia plantation in 1793, led to dramatically increased cotton yields and a greater dependence on slavery. which she endowed. In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. In 1790, just before the explosion in cotton production, some 29,264 enslaved people resided in the state. Three-quarters of Georgias enslaved population resided on cotton plantations in the Black Belt. SOURCES. When Congress banned the African slave trade in 1808, however, Georgias enslaved population did not decline. The rice country slave system initially took after the structure employed in the West Indies. In the same manner as their enslaved ancestors, women on Sapelo Island hull rice with a mortar and pestle, circa 1925. Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. On December 31, 1839, Richardson sold land lots 797, 798 and 860 to William S. Simmons for $2,500. Economics greatly shaped the encounters and exchanges between enslaved peoples and the environment, each other, and plantation owners. Although the organisers said they'd not break up families, it soon proved a hollow promise. sap093. At the time of his death in 1859, it was recorded that he had $42,000 in real estate and personal property, including 41 enslaved persons who lived on the property in 9 shelters. The Hermitage brick business boomed during Savannahs recovery after the1820 fire, and the brick can still be found forming the walls of many historic Savannah buildings. The war involved Georgians at every level. As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. . In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. Hanna Ireland, in 1901. The economic prosperity brought to Georgia through staple crops like rice and cotton meant an increasingly heavy dependence on slave labor. They adapted and combined their diverse ways into an amalgamated Gullah culture and speech. This plantation was probably given by David Hunt to his son Geroge Ferguson Hunt when he married Anna Watson. The history of early Georgia is largely the history of the Creek Indians. Was the only one of the river estates to attain prominence through Souvenir of the Hermitage by Henry McAlpin, From the Georgia Historical Society Rare Pamphlet Collection. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. including surname. States that saw significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely Comprising Sketches By the 1880s and 90s the manufacture of textiles and iron began to expand, and Atlanta grew steadily as a commercial centre based heavily on railroad transportation. Great auction sale of slaves, at Savannah, Georgia, March 2d & 3d, 1859. it is beyond the scope of this transcription. Betty Wood, Womens Work, Mens Work: The Informal Slave Economies of Lowcountry Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995). 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Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. 47 6 thatphanom.techno@gmail.com 042-532028 , 042-532027 By the era of the American Revolution (1775-83), slavery was legal and enslaved Africans constituted nearly half of Georgias population. The corner-stone of the South, Stephens claimed in 1861, just after the Lower South had seceded, consisted of the great physical, philosophical, and moral truth, which is that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slaverysubordination to the superior raceis his natural and normal condition.. During the early 1800s, a cotton district developed around Columbia, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia. Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. An enslaved family picking cotton outside Savannah in the 1850s. was never fully ascertained. Other statutes made the circulation of abolitionist material a capital offense and outlawed literacy and unsupervised assembly among enslaved people. Visit the North Georgia Mountains, experience acclaimed trails, heirloom orchards, delightful vineyards, tranquil rivers, & charming cabins. From the Garnet Andrews Letters, MS 9. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, new technology used in rice production began replacing laborers. of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. enumerated with the same surname. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. Group rates available with advance notice. The latest wonders from the site to your inbox. Soon fewer than five percent of Georgia landholders owned twenty percent of the land a situation the founding Trustees had hoped to prevent. (MondayFriday 8 a.m.8 p.m. SaturdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. EST)ADA Accessibility Info | Staff Resources, Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site, Please view our Park Rules page for more information, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve, Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide. The house sheltered Confederate statesman. Inclusive dates: 1778-1867. The popularity of the labor intensive crop led to a heavy dependence on slave labor. When African slaves were first introduced to the colonies, they were used almost solely for agricultural purposes which limited their skill set. At each retreat they Only in Cartersville youll find the southeasts only museum of Western American art, the worlds first Coca-Cola Wall Sign, Georgias oldest diner thats never had a phone and a junk car art gallery! these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their The sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants . The Public Domain Review is registered in the UK as a Community Interest Company (#11386184), a category of company which exists primarily to benefit a community or with a view to pursuing a social purpose, with all profits having to be used for this purpose. After a few years selling off various properties, and unable to raise enough, they decided to sell the "movable property" the slaves from his Georgia plantation. King lived in Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968; his grave is now a national historic site. The island's first steam-powered sugar factory. The page [courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic Whatever their location, enslaved Georgians resisted their enslavers with strategies that included overt violence against whites, flight, the destruction of white property, and deliberately inefficient work practices. Mart A. Stewart, What Nature Suffers to Groe: Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002). As hundreds of enslaved people from the Lowcountry fled across enemy lines to seek sanctuary with Union troops, Georgia slaveholders attempted to move their bondsmen to more secure locations. 2610 Highway 155 SW As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. Creeks retreated a short distance, when they again formed in line, but Accordingly, the enslaved population of Georgia increased dramatically during the early decades of the nineteenth century. In the 1890s Democrats disenfranchised African American voters and created a system of segregation to separate Blacks and whites in all public places throughout Georgia. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data These crops were in high demand, and the plantations that grew them were very profitable. names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research task, but 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Jimmy Carter succeeded Maddox, governed as a racial moderate, and pushed the state toward a progressive image that was more in line with that of the city of Atlanta. Whether or not Both these factors led to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia. right and the other half to the left, with instructions to keep up a While little remains of other plantations in this area, Hofwyl-Broadfield stands much as it did nearly 200 years ago, offering a glimpse into Georgia's 19th-century rice culture. A brief film on the plantations history is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the antebellum home. The search for squirrel picnic tables is on! the fire and was included in the plans for the new house. A significant one existed in Liberty County. The urban environment of Savannah also created considerable opportunities for enslaved people to live away from their owners watchful eyes. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Copyright On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Language and cultural traditions from West Africa were retained in the Geechee culture that developed in the Sea Islands. the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. One of the most enduring institutions born and cemented into black life during this time was the importance of the Church. to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Here the company was divided by White supremacists used biological, religious, and paternal excuses to justify inhumane slave treatment. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in Early County? Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, # As cottons popularity grew, so did the numbers of slaves needed to clean the labor-intensive short-staple cotton that could grow throughout the state. 2,826, while the "colored" population increased about 3% to 4,172. After the slaves harvested the rice, the Atlantic trade system carried it to locations as far away as South America and Europe. Planters grabbed prime rice-growing land by the thousands of acres. In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. Thomas Nast's famous wood engraving originally appeared in Harper's Weekly on January 24, 1863. This excerpt provides a description of the slaves quarters at the Hermitage Plantation. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, Over the antebellum era whites continued to employ violence against the enslaved population, but increasingly they justified their oppression in moral terms. reportedly includes a total of 4,057 slaves. Enslaved Georgians experienced hideous cruelties, but white slaveholders never succeeded in extinguishing the human capacity to covet freedom. An official website of the State of Georgia. By doing so they could lower their overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits. The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. It links the agricultural prosperity of the South with the domination by wealthy aristocrats and the exploitation of slave labor. Creator: Wilkes County, Georgia. The rice plantations were literally killing fields. A guided tour allows visitors to see the home as Ophelia kept it with family heirlooms, 18th and 19th century furniture and Cantonese china. The A museum features silver from the family collection and a model of the original estate. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992). In the wake of war, however, white and Black Georgia residents articulated opposite views about emancipation. "Pansy" Ireland. Tragedy struck in 1934 when the 1850 portion of the Main House was Brunswick, GA 31525 a second volley compelled them to again fall back. Seeing the Indians were trying to turn his flanks The widespread belief that the Southern plantation house was a regional . In the 1980s and 90s Democrats and Republicans competed actively for most offices, and the Republicans captured several congressional seats. Slaves were Nonslaveholding whites, for their part, frequently relied upon nearby slaveholders to gin their cotton and to assist them in bringing their crop to market. Another body of reinforcements arrived soon after 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free census. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. The inferiority of black people confirmed the necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership. They viewed the Christian slave mission as evidence of their own good intentions. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. would become a museum open to the public. Nevertheless, Georgians raised 500,000 bales in 1850, second only to Alabama, and nearly 702,000 bales in 1860, behind Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In the 1920s the state continued to depend on cotton production, but crop destruction by the boll weevil soon caused an agricultural depression. FORMER SLAVES. Andalusia Is the name of Southern American author Flannery O'Connor's rural Georgia estate. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be checked also. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of belonged to the merchant class, along with doctors and lawyers were in the lowest class in Georgia during the antebellum era. As of 1728, there were 91 plantation lots defined on Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Soon slaves outnumbered whites in the coastal low country. After some experimentation with various contractual arrangements for farm labour following emancipation, the system of sharecropping, or paying the owner for use of the land with some portion of the crop, became a generally accepted institution in Georgia and throughout the South. Unusually well-built slave cabins; summer tours given by Cassina Garden Club, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 02:09. Former Confederate officers frequently held the states highest offices. (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. The arrival of Union gunboats along the Georgia coast in late 1861 marked the beginning of the end of white ownership of enslaved African Americans. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County Propping up the institution of slavery was a judicial system that denied African Americans the legal rights enjoyed by white Americans. in 1800 was 162,686; in 1810 was 252,433; in 1820 was 348,989; in 1830 was 516,567; in 1840 was 691,392 and in 1850 was 905,999. In the months following Abraham Lincolns election as president of the United States in 1860, Georgias planter politicians debated and ultimately paved the way for the states secession from the Union on January 19, 1861. On such occasions slaveholders shook hands with yeomen and tenant farmers as if they were equals. surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. children were Robert Livingston "Liv" Ireland, Jr. and Elisabeth Since the colonial era, children born of enslaved mothers were deemed chattel, doomed to follow the condition of the mother irrespective of the fathers status. Christianity also served as a pillar of slave life in Georgia during the antebellum era. Linking Constructed in 1856. Getting to the fields early and working hard allowed the slaves to enjoy time together later in the day and tend their own gardens and livestock. Since then, African Americans have been elected to many offices in Atlanta and in southwestern Georgia. Sherman and his troops laid siege to Atlanta in late summer and burned much of the city before finally capturing it. Jonathan M. Bryant, How Curious a Land: Conflict and Change in Greene County, Georgia, 1850-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County, the number of slaves they held in [8]:8, Habre-de-venture; Thomas Stone National Historic Site, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22, Killearn Plantation Archeological and Historic District, Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), List of plantations in Kentucky (U.S. state), Col. Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson Plantation, Rustenberg Plantation South Historic District, How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Hibernia Plantation History - Clay County Florida", "New Switzerland Plantation Marker, St. Johns County, FL", "National Register of Historical Places - Tennessee (TN), Cocke County", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Virgin Islands National Park Multiple Resource Area", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States&oldid=1141148351. journals provide a record of the lives of the slaves on Kollock's In 1856, a group of trustees was put in charge of his financial assets in an attempt to return him to solvency. The Great Depression of the 1930s brought even greater suffering to the state and forced hundreds of thousands of sharecroppers out of farming. Call 770-389-7286 for your free copy, pick up in park offices or view online. Quiz, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. As was the case for rice production, cotton planters relied upon the labor of enslaved African and African American people. Captain Garmany's company of Georgia militia was at dinner when firing lost in this engagement 12 killed and 7 wounded. while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle from S. C. in 1840 with 90 negroes, the increase 141 has been by birth alone - all born since that period - his death If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm can be viewed These statistics, however, do not reveal the economic, cultural, and political force wielded by the slaveholding minority of the population. Most notable was the work of Atlanta native Martin Luther King, Jr., who established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 in that city and from there led a series of protests around the country that became known as the civil rights movement. Development]. With an inexpensive cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as a woman could de-seed in two months working at a rate of about one pound per day. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Kate died in May of 1936, and The loss of the In 1838, the Smith family and 30 of their slaves left two struggling plantations along the Georgia coast to make a new start with 300 acres of cotton farmland north of the Roswell Square. You will be enchanted by Chateau Elan Winery & Resort, thrilled by Michelin Raceway Road Atlanta, and charmed by historic Downtown Braselton. After the war the explosive growth of the textile industry promised to turn cotton into a lucrative staple cropif only efficient methods of cleaning the tenacious seeds from the cotton fibers could be developed. Other Georgia Counties Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. Racial divisions and discrimination were still harsh, but white Atlantans were generally more open to communication with African American leadership. Amongst the slaves and their descendants it also went by another, more evocative name, "The Weeping Time" an allusion to the incessant rains that poured from start to finish, seen as heaven weeping, and also, no doubt, to the tears of the families ripped apart. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. The law did not go into effect until 1798, when the state constitution also went into effect, but the measure was widely ignored by planters, who urgently sought to increase their enslaved workforce. Marshes along the Altamaha River is shown before visitors walk a short trail to the.. 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